Manipulative skills and games performed by children ranging from 4 to 6 years of age while exploring sensorial cubes

Abstract Aim: To identify and describe the manipulative actions of typical children ages between 4 and 6 years, and the games performed while exploring cubes with different sensorial stimuli. Methods: Cross-sectional, descriptive, and exploratory study. Sixteen typical children aged 4 to 6 years (mean age: 5.78 ± 1.04 years) were filmed, from different angles, during the exploration of six cubes with different sensorial stimuli (transparent, black, tactile, auditory, luminous, and high-contrast). The cubes were delivered in random order and the children explored the cubes for 40 s each. At the end of the explorations, they were asked about what kind of game they could play with that object. The images were observed by the BS Player Profile. Results: Seventeen different types of interactions with the cubes were registered, such as: pushing, shaking, reaching for (bimanual and unimanual), bringing closer to the eyes, knocking, touching with the fingers/hand, throwing upwards, and others. The tactile cube was the favorite among the children (9 children), followed by the luminous cube (6 children). They proposed games with all of the cubes, standing out playing dice (all cubes), building towers, and castles. Conclusion: In the observed group of children, 17 manipulative skills were identified. The games performed during the exploration of the cubes were based on association with other similar objects previously known, related to the visual stimuli provided by the cubes, verbal description of actions that could be performed with that cube, imagination related games using figurative images, and sports-related activities/games.

Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor: Adaptação para Crianças com Baixa Visão dos 7 aos 10 Anos de Idade / Developmental Motor Scale: Adaptation for Children with Low Vision from 7 to 10 Years Old

RESUMO A baixa visão é um tipo de deficiência visual que pode influenciar na funcionalidade da criança e ocasionar alterações importantes na aquisição das habilidades motoras na infância. O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar os aspectos de confiabilidade na adaptação da Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor (EDM) para crianças com baixa visão, dos 7 aos 10 anos de idade. Participaram do estudo 22 crianças com baixa visão (± 9,12 anos). A adaptação da escala ocorreu em quatro etapas. Para analisar a concordância entre as respostas dos juízes, foi utilizado o índice de concordância (≥ 80%) e, para a confiabilidade das adaptações, utilizou-se a análise inter-avaliador e reteste (Coeficiente de Correlação Intraclasse). Os resultados demonstraram que o índice de concordância entre os juízes foi ≥80% na segunda rodada de adaptações, as quais mostraram excelente confiabilidade na análise interavaliadores (CCI≥1,000) e no teste reteste (CCI≥0,990) para a idade motora, e excelente confiabilidade interavaliadores (CCI≥1,000) e no teste reteste (CCI≥0,997) para quociente motor. A EDM foi adaptada e apresentou boa confiabilidade metodológica. Assim, sua adaptação permitirá o uso correto do instrumento em crianças com baixa visão, determinando o diagnóstico funcional/motor mais preciso das alterações motoras nessa população.

ABSTRACT Low vision is a type of visual impairment that can influence the child's functionality and cause important changes in the acquisition of motor skills during childhood. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the reliability aspects in the adaptation of the Developmental Motor Scale (PDMS) for children with low vision, from 7 to 10 years of age. Twenty-two children with low vision (± 9.12 years) participated in the study. The scale was adapted in four stages. To analyze the agreement between the judges' answers, the agreement index (≥ 80%) was used, and for the reliability of the adaptations the inter-rater and retest analysis was used (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient). The results showed that the agreement rate between the judges was ≥80% in the second round of adaptations, which showed excellent reliability in the inter-rater analysis (ICC≥1,000) and in the retest test (ICC≥0,990) for the motor age, and excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC≥1,000) and in the retest test (ICC≥0.997) for the motor quotient. The PDMS was adapted and presented good methodological reliability. Thus, its adaptation will allow the correct use of the instrument in children with low vision, determining the most accurate functional/motor diagnosis of motor alterations in this population.

Prevalência de morbidades autorreferidas e fatores associados entre idosos comunitários de Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brasil / Prevalence of self-reported morbidities and associated factors among community-dwelling elderly in Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil

Resumo Objetivou-se verificar a prevalência e os fatores socioeconômicos e de saúde associados a morbidades autorreferidas entre idosos da comunidade. Inquérito analítico e transversal, conduzido em 2012 com 1.691 idosos de Uberaba-MG. Utilizou-se instrumento estruturado para os dados socioeconômicos e morbidades autorreferidas; e Escalas (Depressão Geriátrica Abreviada, Katz e Lawton e Brody). Procedeu-se às análises descritivas e regressão linear (p < 0,05). Maior percentual (88,3%) de idosos referiram duas ou mais morbidades, com maior prevalência para hipertensão arterial sistêmica (61,9%) e problemas de coluna (48,6%). Foram associados ao maior número de morbidades: sexo feminino (β = 0,216; p < 0,001), incapacidade funcional para atividades básicas (β = 0,240; p < 0,001) e instrumentais (β = 0,120; p < 0,001) de vida diária e indicativo de depressão (β = 0,209; p < 0,001). A presença de duas ou mais morbidades e a associação com variáveis socioeconômicas e de saúde demonstram a necessidade de ações de monitoramento e controle desses fatores entre idosos nessa condição.

Abstract This study aimed to verify the prevalence and socioeconomic and health factors associated with morbidity among community-dwelling elderly. This is an analytical and cross-sectional survey conducted in 2012 with 1,691 elderly from Uberaba-MG. A tool structured for socioeconomic data and self-reported morbidities was used along with the Abbreviated Geriatric Depression, Katz and Lawton-Brody scales. We proceeded to a descriptive analysis and linear regression (p < 0.05). A high percentage (88.3%) of elderly reported two or more morbidities, with higher prevalence for systemic arterial hypertension (61.9%) and back problems (48.6%). Female gender (β = 0.216; p< 0.001), functional disability in basic (β = 0.240; p < 0.001) and instrumental activities of daily living (β = 0.120; p < 0.001) and indicative of depression (β = 0.209; p < 0.001) were associated with the highest number of morbidities. The presence of two or more comorbidities and the association with socioeconomic and health variables show the need for monitoring and control actions of the factors that interfere in the elderly in this condition.

Functional disability and associated factors in urban elderly: a population-based study / Incapacidade funcional e fatores associados em idosos de área urbana: um estudo de base populacional

Abstract Population aging may cause impaired functional abilities in the elderly population, with increased rates of functional disability. Early detection of functional disability makes it possible to postpone possible complications and helps with health action planning. The objective of this study was to investigate the factors associated with functional disability in urban elderly. We conducted an analytical and cross-sectional household survey with 1,691 urban elderly individuals in Uberaba (MG), Brazil, in 2012. The questionnaire included socioeconomic and clinical information. We used the following instruments to assessed the participants: Abbreviated Geriatric Depression Scale, Katz Index, and Lawton and Brody Scale. We performed a descriptive bivariate analysis and used a logistic regression model (p<0.05). The prevalence of functional disability in basic activities of daily living was 21.2%; whereas the prevalence of functional disability in instrumental activities of daily living was 65.9%. The following factors were associated with functional disability in basic and instrumental activities of daily living, respectively: age of 80 years old and older [(OR= 2.18; p<0.001), (OR=3.30, p<0.001)]; larger number of self-reported diseases [(OR=1.24, p<0.001), (OR=1.12; p<0.001)]; and symptoms of depression [(OR=1.49; p<0.003), (OR = 1.75, p<0.001)]; whereas no schooling (OR=1.88; p<0.001) was related to functional disability in instrumental activities of daily living. We found significant impairment of functional status, especially in instrumental activities of daily living and in association with socioeconomic and health variables; those aspects support the implementation of actions aimed at monitoring and controlling the factors that interfere with the functional ability of the elderly.

Resumo O envelhecimento populacional pode conferir, dentre outros aspectos, comprometimento da funcionalidade do idoso e, consequentemente, maiores níveis de incapacidade funcional. A identificação precoce resulta na possibilidade de postergar possíveis complicações e contribuir para o planejamento de ações em saúde. O estudo teve por objetivo verificar os fatores associados à incapacidade funcional em idosos de área urbana. Trata-se de um inquérito domiciliar, analítico e transversal, conduzido em 2012 com 1691 idosos de área urbana em Uberaba-MG. Foram utilizados formulário contendo informações socioeconômicas e clínicas e as escalas (Depressão Geriátrica Abreviada, Katz e Lawton e Brody); e realizadas análises descritiva, bivariada e modelo de regressão logística (p<0,05). A prevalência de incapacidade funcional para as atividades básicas de vida diária correspondeu a 21,2% e nas atividades instrumentais de vida diária, representou 65,9%. Foram associados à incapacidade funcional para as atividades básicas e instrumentais de vida diária, respectivamente: a faixa etária de 80 anos e mais [(OR=2,18; p<0,001); (OR=3,30; p<0,001)], o maior número de morbidades autorreferidas [(OR=1,24; p<0,001); (OR=1,12; p<0,001)] e o indicativo de depressão [(OR=1,49; p<0,003); (OR=1,75; p<0,001)]; enquanto que a ausência de escolaridade (OR= 1,88; p<0,001) à incapacidade funcional para as atividades instrumentais de vida diária. Conclui-se que o comprometimento do estado funcional foi expressivo, especialmente para as atividades instrumentais de vida diária e associado a variáveis socioeconômicas e de saúde; aspectos esses que fornecem subsídios para a implementação de ações direcionadas ao monitoramento e controle dos fatores que interferem na capacidade funcional do idoso.